First Aid for High Altitude Sickness: Alpine Medicine

Introduction

Mountaineering, trekking, and other high-altitude activities provide incredible experiences, but they also present unique challenges to the human body. High Altitude Sickness (Acute Mountain Sickness - AMS) occurs due to lower oxygen levels and reduced atmospheric pressure at high elevations.

In this article, we will explore high altitude illnesses, their symptoms, and essential first aid interventions, focusing on Alpine Medicine (Mountain Medicine) to help you stay safe at high elevations.

1. Effects of High Altitude on the Human Body

At elevations above 2,500 meters (8,200 feet), the body's physiological responses change due to reduced oxygen levels:

  • Lower oxygen pressure
  • Increased heart rate
  • Faster breathing
  • Higher risk of dehydration
  • Changes in blood pressure

These physiological changes can lead to various altitude-related illnesses in some individuals.

2. Types of High Altitude Sickness & Symptoms

a) Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)

Symptoms:

  • Headache
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Insomnia

b) High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

Symptoms:

  • Severe headache
  • Confusion and disorientation
  • Loss of coordination
  • Blurred vision
  • Difficulty speaking

c) High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

Symptoms:

  • Shortness of breath (even at rest)
  • Chest pain
  • Coughing up blood
  • Extreme fatigue
  • Loss of consciousness

3. First Aid for High Altitude Sickness

High altitude sickness can be life-threatening. Immediate first aid is crucial.

1) Prevent Rapid Ascent

  • Ascend slowly (no more than 300-500 meters per day).
  • Allow your body to acclimatize properly.

2) Descend Immediately if Symptoms Worsen

  • If mild symptoms occur, rest and hydrate.
  • If symptoms worsen, descend at least 500-1000 meters.

3) Provide Oxygen Support

  • Use portable oxygen tanks if available.
  • For HAPE and HACE, use a hyperbaric bag (Gamow Bag) for oxygen therapy.

4) Stay Hydrated & Eat Well

  • Drink at least 3-4 liters of water daily.
  • Consume carbohydrate-rich foods to maintain energy levels.

5) Seek Medical Attention for Severe Cases

  • Medications like acetazolamide (Diamox) and dexamethasone can be used under medical supervision.
  • Emergency evacuation (by helicopter or other means) may be required.

4. Prevention Strategies for High Altitude Sickness

  • Allow Time for Acclimatization: Increase altitude gradually.
  • Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
  • Avoid Alcohol & Caffeine: These can worsen dehydration.
  • Eat Properly: High-carb meals help maintain energy.
  • Recognize Early Symptoms: Even mild signs should be taken seriously.

5. Conclusion

Before venturing into high-altitude environments, proper preparation is key to avoiding life-threatening conditions. Understanding altitude sickness symptoms and knowing essential first aid techniques can make the difference between a safe adventure and a medical emergency. By taking the right precautions and acting quickly, you can ensure a safe and enjoyable high-altitude experience.